Engineering

Engineering
BUILDINGS

In recent centuries, population growth in the world has increased dramatically. Mankind solved many problems scientifically and technically. In the construction of housing, there were major changes and the construction of single-unit houses did not meet the needs of communities, and therefore the housing system was completely transformed and more durable materials were used in the construction industry.

The building is built for living and as a shelter or for work, which divides the environment into two parts, inside and outside. In general, any structure can be called a building. Building means a building made of materials such as cement, brick, plaster, iron, etc.

Some buildings are classified according to their height. For example, buildings that are taller than a certain size are called high-rise buildings. It is interesting to know that according to the resolution of the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture in Iran in 1998, buildings that have more than six floors are called high-rise buildings.

Steps from zero to one hundred construction and execution of the building


1- Demolition of the building
2- Excavation
3- Execution of the foundation
4- Execution of skeleton (metal and concrete)
5- Cornering the wall posts of the walls
6- Chinese blade
7- Installing the door shoe
8- Installing the frame and form of the wall cupboard
9- Plaster and soil under work
10- Ducting the air conditioner or duct split
11- Gas piping
12- Water and sewage piping
13- Rabitz roofing
14- Electrical piping of the building
15- Elevator ironing
16- Cement floor and walls of services for insulation
17- Slope of roof, truss and floor of units, parking and storage
18- Insulation of services, kitchen, terrace, roof, etc.
19- Cement work on Bituminous waterproofing or gypsum
20- Execution of the facade of the building
21- Ceramic tiles
22. Masonry
23. Building wiring
24- Installing the elevator car
25- Surface plaster
26- Installing stair railings
27- Cement work and whitewashing of the building facade
28- Installation of kitchen cabinets and wall cupboards
29- Painting the building
30- Close valves and service installations
31- Close the switch and socket
32- Installing the base
33- Installing doors

Espo, creative ways to solve architectural problems
Steps from zero to one hundred construction and execution of the building

1- Demolition of the building
In terms of physical structure, building demolition includes the selective demolition of building components, especially used for recycling, and waste management. This is different from demolition, in which a specific area is generally cleared of the building by the most severe methods. Destruction is called reverse construction.
2- Excavation
Any drilling and excavation at a level below ground level or below the foundation of a building adjacent to excavation are sometimes confused with the terms excavation and excavation in civil and construction operations. Excavation is the removal of only surface elevations from the ground, while excavation is the extraction of soil with great depths.
3- Execution of the foundation
The set of parts of the structure and the soil in contact with it, through which the load is transferred between the structure and the ground, is called the foundation. In general, foundations can be divided into 3 main groups:
1- Surface foundations
2- Deep foundations
3- Semi-deep foundations
4- Execution of the skeleton
4-1- Steel frame
The metal frame is the main body of today's buildings. The buildings with which they are built have high strength against all kinds of pressures. The metal frame is made of steel beams and columns that are connected vertically and horizontally. This skeleton speeds up the project and significantly reduces the weight of the building. The use of this structure makes it possible to repair at any stage of construction without causing any damage. Its implementation also reduces the volume of the foundation and provides the possibility of inspection and non-destructive testing at all stages of implementation.
4-2- Concrete skeleton
A concrete structure is a structure that is made of concrete or usually reinforced concrete (cement, sand, sand, steel in the form of plain or ribbed rebar). The concrete structure is a structure that uses reinforced concrete in the columns, beams, and foundations. Concrete frame building is a building in which the members of compressive load-bearing columns or columns are of the reinforced concrete types that are formed and executed on-site. Also, all the main beams are made of concrete and the shear wall that is used to deal with lateral forces is usually made of concrete.
5- Cornering the wall posts of the walls
It supports the wall and causes the wall to collide with the skeleton, thus making the wall stronger against earthquakes. It is a coil that is used at certain lengths to integrate the wall.
6- Chinese blade
Porcelain siding or masonry using brick materials is the cheapest way to build a wall. If the wall bricks can be removed safely during demolition. They can be used on the wall of a new building. Of course, in most cases, old bricks are rotten and the wall from which it is made does not have the desired strength.

7- Installing the door shoe
They are one-piece beams that are installed on top of the gate. The main task of this horseshoe is to bear the weight of loads applied to the walls. The surface of a wall or pillar that rests on both sides of the door sill is called a support. The height of the door sill should be between 15 and 25 cm, which should be placed on the sidewalls or support from each side.
8- Installing the frame and form of the wall cupboard
The frame and form of the door is a frame that is placed inside the door and is connected to it through the hinge, in other words, the frame can be considered as an element that includes the door hinges. The frame alone must be able to withstand the weight of the door and the impact of opening and closing it, and therefore must have sufficient strength.
9- Plaster and soil underwork
Plaster and soil are suitable for cutting tools due to the presence of stone that has cologne and due to the clay state. The building uses a combination of gypsum and clay to make mortar, and gypsum alone is used for whitewashing, which is ready to be painted. One of the important characteristics of building plasters is quick hardening. Good construction plasters often take more than 8 minutes and less than 25 minutes to set and hardening time of 20 to 60 minutes.
10- Ducting the air conditioner or duct split
A ventilation system using an air conditioning duct is one of the methods used to provide environmental comfort conditions. Ventilation systems transfer hot, cold, humid, or non-humid air to the target space. Ventilation systems consist of air conditioners, ducts, valves, dampers, and control components. Ducting systems are channels for the flow of air back and forth.
11- Gas piping
Gas is one of the fossil fuels used to generate energy and heat in buildings. It is very important to implement the gas piping of the building in a principled way and to pay attention to safety points. Because any carelessness may lead to financial and personal loss. Therefore, it is recommended to go through these 6 steps for gas piping:
1- Forming a file in the organization of the engineering system
2- Appointing an observer
3- Appointing a contractor or executor
4- Completion of plumbing
5- Obtaining supervisor approval
6- Execution of science and meter

12- Water and sewage piping
The water required for the building is supplied through a piping system. Therefore, plumbing is one of the most important matters in construction, the proper implementation of which increases the life of the building and reduces costly damage. Also, this system is effective for removing sewage from the building. Different pipes are used for water and sewage piping, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages.
13- Rabitz roofing
Rabbits are steel nets that are applied before final plastering for the substructure. Rabitz nets are connected to the sub-network with special wires or rabbits.
14- Electrical piping of the building
The building's electrical piping is used in false and non-false ceilings to protect the building's electrical installations. Such pipes are classified according to several factors such as fire and heat protection, connection methods, electrical characteristics, and the possibility of greater flexibility.
15- Elevator ironing
It is the execution of the structure and structure in the elevator shaft to which all the elevator loads enter and is the connection point of the elevator rails. Generally includes columns (located at the four corners of the well, usually at the corner of 10), coiling (which runs at appropriate distances from each other on both sides of the well except the entrance at the wellhead, usually studs 8), the last coil for The roof of the well is an elevator.

16- Cement floor and walls of services for insulation
Isogum should be installed in such a way as to prevent moisture leakage and so on. When applying the Bituminous waterproofing, the bottom surface should not have a high post, because otherwise, the connection of the Bituminous waterproofing strips will not be done properly and will cause problems. For this reason, a layer of cement should be applied on the bottom surface before isogum to be completely smooth.
17- Slope of the roof, truss, the floor of units, parking, and storage
Sloping or tilting is an executive and precise detail that must be done correctly. The slope is mostly used to move and direct water. Used for the following places:
Outdoor spaces: landscaping, sidewalk construction, yard construction
Small slopes: Roof slope
Drainage services: bathroom, toilet, toilet, kitchen, etc.
18- Insulation of services, kitchen, terrace, roof, etc.
Insulation means covering the surface of roofs, walls, and floors, which is done by one or more layers using insulation to prevent moisture and water from penetrating the substrate.
19- Cement on Bituminous waterproofing with gypsum
Sometimes Bituminous waterproofing is used for insulation. Adding a layer on the Bituminous waterproofing, including cement, tile, or ceramic, requires the observance of the points that are necessary to increase the life of the Bituminous waterproofing and the correct installation of the outer layers.
20- Execution of the facade of the building
The facade of the building is the main visual component of a structure and plays a key role in enhancing the value of a building. So that if the neighboring facade is not considered in the implementation of the facade of the building, it will cause heterogeneity of the urban texture. The style of design and execution of building facades in cities and countries is completely different and can be influenced by various factors such as climate, neighborhoods, neighborhoods, and so on.
21- Ceramic tiles
In construction services, one of the most common methods of floor and wall covering is the use of ceramic and tiling services, in which elegance plays an important role in the beauty of your building space.
22. Masonry
Masonry is the placement of stone in parts of the building that for any reason want beauty and luxury and heat and cold insulation.
23. Building wiring
Contrary to popular belief, wiring, or so-called "building electrification", is quite specialized. It is possible that if the wiring of the building is done for any reason, it will cause trouble to the residents throughout the life of the building.
24- Installing the elevator car
The cabin is a container that carries passengers or cargo or both and it is possible for people to control the movement from inside and the decorations inside the cabin are different and executed according to the type of elevator use.
25- Surface plaster
One of the works that are done in the joinery stage of the building is plastering. Plastering creates a smooth, one-handed surface and allows any kind of decorative work to be performed on walls and ceilings. Gypsum is a natural substance known scientifically as water-containing calcium sulfate. Gypsum is extracted from the mine and after heating, it turns into a white powder.
26- Installing stair railings
Many designers consider the fence to be the only means of protection. While today, in addition to observing safety principles, we must also consider the principles of beauty and identify all issues in terms of beauty and safety.
27- Cement work and whitewashing of the building facade
Due to the good resistance of cement against atmospheric factors such as humidity, etc., cement is used to cover exterior walls.
28- Installing kitchen cabinets and wall cupboards
Today's kitchens and homes are very different from the old ones. A kitchen forms the heart of a house and plays an essential role in the beauty of the house and the design of the interior decoration of the house.
29- Painting the building
Painting a building is the fastest and most effective way to change the interior and exterior of buildings. Indoor painting is done using a variety of building paints.
30- Close valves and service installations
The last thing a plumber does in a building and what is finally seen in the plumbing is the valves. To install the valves, the necessary care and cleanliness must be used so that the valves show themselves well.
31- Close the switch and socket
Electrical switches and sockets are important parts of the home, workplace, and any environment where electricity and electricity are flowing and without them, many problems will occur. The installation of switches and sockets, while not a problem, must be done carefully and all safety points must be considered during installation.
32- Installing the base
The baseboards hide the space between the wall and the floor and protect the wall from bumps, scratches, and any impact and water, and of course, it has a beautiful aspect. Normally, the width of the baseboards is 7 and 9 cm and their thickness are usually 17 m .

33- Installing doors
The entrance is one of the essential parts of any home that ensures the privacy and security of the occupants. Doors are made in different shapes and materials.

Examples of implemented projects